Here I answer my own question, summing up the best answers arrived so far, with a basic collection of classical poets. As asked, the goal is not to provide a complete list, but to supply a starting point for beginners.
骆宾王 (Luò Bīnwáng)
孟浩然 (Meng Haoran)
王之涣 (Wang Zhihuan)
李白 (Lǐ Bái)
杜甫 (Dù Fǔ)
李紳 (Li Shen)
Beyond the question itself, interested people can find some examples below (I decided to report them so that they can be used as hints for researches on the net). In particular, 李白's 静夜思 seems to be one of the most famous, known by all Chinese speakers since childhood and reported very often around the web.
咏鹅
骆宾王
鹅,鹅,鹅,
曲项向天歌。
白毛浮绿水,
红掌拨清波。
春晓
孟浩然
春眠不觉晓,
处处闻啼鸟。
夜来风雨声,
花落知多少。
登鹳雀楼
王之涣
白日依山尽,
黄河入海流。
欲穷千里目,
更上一层楼。
夜宿山寺
李白
危楼高百尺,
手可摘星辰。
不敢高声语,
恐惊天上人。
静夜思
李白
床前明月光,
疑是地上霜。
举头望明月,
低头思故乡。
Jìng yè sī
Chuáng qián míng yuè guāng,
Yí shì dì shàng shuāng.
Jŭ tóu wàng míng yuè,
Dī tóu sī gù xiāng.
[quiet] [night] [think]
[bed] [front] [bright] [moon] [light]
[suspect] [is] [ground] [on] [frost]
[raise] [head] [look] [bright] [moon]
[lower] [head] [think of] [old] [home village]