The Chinese Wikipedia article describes the name of Russia, and many of its historical Chinese exonyms.
按照俄语发音“Россия”,其名称应翻译为“羅西亚”。元朝时根据蒙古语译为「斡羅思」[b],到清朝初年许多文献中曾称为「羅剎」[c],但在以国家相称时则多译为「鄂羅斯」[d]或「俄羅斯」。清乾隆年间官修《四库全书》时将其正式统一为“俄羅斯”或简称“俄国”,自此沿用至今。[12] 日本漢字與朝鮮漢字則將俄羅斯稱為「露西亞」(日语:ロシア roshia */?,韓語:노서아 noseoa */?[e]),此譯名較為接近俄語原始發音。
However, while the "罗斯" part corresponds to the "Rus" part of the name, the "俄" part seems to have no corresponding phoneme, either in Russian or any of the other language I have looked up.