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I've learned 朋友 as a unit for the word 'friend'. After looking the two characters up, I see that they both mean... friend.
It seems 友 is often used as the latter part of words expressing something with "friend", like 好友 for good friend.
What is the difference between 朋 and 友?
Do they have slightly different meanings when used separately, or are they identical in meaning and just used in different situations?
As a noun, both 朋 and 友 mean friends. While 朋 is mostly a noun, 友 is often be used as an adjective for 'friendly, ' as in '友軍'(friendly force); '友方'(friendly side)
友 can also be a verb for 'befriend' in classical sentences.
To find the subtle difference between two characters with similar meaning in a compound word, like 朋友，you can observe the other compound words they associate with.
Examples:
朋比為奸 friends collude in criminal acts
朋黨 circle (of friends); alliance (of friends)
The phrases above show 朋 emphasis on the 'closeness' and 'alliance' between friends
友善 (friendly), 友好 (friendly), 友愛 (friendship), 友誼 (friendship)
The phrases above, show 友 emphasis on the ' fondness' and 'emotional tie' between friends'
I don't think anyone would say '他是我的朋。' nowadays.
You might hear 他是我的好友。 or 他是我的好朋友。
Old 孔子 said, 有朋自远方来 不亦乐乎。 but that was a long time ago!
Apparently, 朋 represents the wings of a legendary bird, like a phoenix. Maybe that means it brings luck or joy, like a good friend and 友 represents 2 right hands, like 'he's my right hand, my friend' or 'holding hands'
“志同为朋，道合为友，” 然而现代正常中国人并不区分朋和友，
In Japanese, just the word "友" means a friend, and "朋" is a additive (or supplemental) character of meaning a friend (not used as a single word, for example"朋友", which is same as Chinese, I think). Perhaps it will help your understanding, and I will hope that will be usefull.
“朋” refers to the those who share a same period of education experience(classmates, schoolmates) 朋->同学 classmate, 朋党 -> the alumni
"友“ refers to those who have the common interests or goals and trust each other 友->同志 comrade, friend
In《论语》, the compound word 朋友 appears “与朋友交而不信乎”. The usage is very similar to what we use nowadays in modern Chinese.
I was taught that 朋 (two moon radicals) implied two equal companions standing side by side, while 友 (left hand holding right hand) implied a more intimate (but not necessarily sexual) relationship.
朋means those who share the same teacher 「同師曰朋」《說文註》 友means those who share the same goal 「同志曰友」
