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Is there a word for "sophisticated" in Chinese?
"Sophisticated" here will mean of a person or their thoughts, reactions, and understanding, being aware of and able to interpret complex issues:
Though young and inexperienced, his thoughts are more sophisticated than the world's best philosophers...
Google translate has these options:
复杂
尖端
诡辩
Yet neither of which is suitable to be used to describe a "sophisticated" person. What other alternatives are there?
I don't think there is an exact Chinese counterpart for 'sophisticated'. It depends on the context.
世故 (worldly) is the context-agnostic translation but sometimes it has a negative connotation of slyness. When you use it on a 10-year old, it's almost surely negative.
Like the other comment mentioned, (少年)老成 can be used when to say a kid is sophisticated, but 老成 also implies '(psychologically) mature'.
The options Google translation gave you (复杂/尖端/诡辩) are definitely not the common words one would use to say 'sophisticated'. They may serve the purpose only in very specific contexts.
Edit:
For the example you've added to the question, I'd choose 深邃 (deep) which is more idiomatic than the other words mentioned above to praise a philosopher's thinking ability.
虽然年轻稚嫩，可是他的思想比世界上最伟大的哲学家还要深邃。
超前 (ahead of time/peers/age/...) mentioned in the other answer, or 领先 (in the lead) is also fine to use, though the meaning is slightly different: 超前/领先 is describing the thoughts, the outcome of thinking, rather than the thinking ability.
The word "sophisticated" has several meanings. As you have already stated in your question the meaning in context being "a person or their thoughts, reactions, and understanding, being aware of and able to interpret complex issues", I will try to elaborate on this meaning first before going into the details.
Being sophisticated does not mean being, 精明 (smart) or 老练 (an old hand). Being sophisticated is usually related to EQ rather than IQ. A sophisticated person is usually someone who is able to handle complex situations in a social setting rather than someone who can solve a complex algorithm. From this, we can infer that this person must be mature in his/her thinking. Maturity comes with experience. Sophistication does not require the over-experience of an old hand nor the exposure to worldly affairs.
With that, the following examples is what I feel appropriate by inference:
Another meaning of sophisticated would be refined:
Both meanings can be applied on the same person and they usually do when applied to a person.
Based on your updated example, the meanings above would not apply. In this case, sophisticated takes on the meaning of "advanced" or "ahead of times". I would translate it as follows:
虽然入世未深，但他的想法比世界上最好的哲学家还要超前...
We can say like this:
他為人世故。
which means that he knows a lot about how the real world works, how to deal with complex politics, how to not offend others, etc.
I don't know why but I can't write comments. So I'll just write something here.
To me, Chinese language doesn't have a corresponding word to "sophisticated" to describe a person. Neither of the Google Translate results is right to describe a person. Instead there are a lot of Chinese words to use in different contexts.
I'd agree more with @NS.X. . Also you'll notice in his/her example, 深邃 is used to describe the thoughts / ideas / thinking ability, but not the person.
Just one little comment here: 熟女 is sometimes used to describe a sexually matured young woman so I would avoid this. Except this, I'd agree with other examples @Question-Overflow posted.
In short, different words as listed above are used in different contexts.
