Chinese Language Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for students, teachers, and linguists wanting to discuss the finer points of the Chinese language. It only takes a minute to sign up.
Sign up to join this community
Isn't it more intuitive to just replace 馬 with 马 at the base of 驚 to get a well inductive simplified one?
Quite weird, uh? Any historical, geopolitical, or other reason for the simplification of 驚 -> 惊?
What's interesting is, 馬 -> 马 is used in simplification as well. 說文解字 清 段玉裁注本 gives a simple explanation for 驚 as 馬駭也. That is to say, 駭 is a synonym for 驚. We know that 駭 is simplified as 骇, as in, for example, 骇人听闻.
The construction of 惊 follows the essence of the phono-semantic compound character. In folk culture, people who are not well-educated often invent characters in this way. Some of these characters became popular and then were included in the officially admitted simplified forms, and the others were eliminated. For example
(admitted formal simplified forms) 竊 -> 窃, 響 -> 响, 癢 -> 痒, 憂 -> 忧, 認 -> 认
(obsolete forms) 原 ->
, 菜 ->
, 灌 ->
, 穩 ->
, 酒 ->
You may have found some regular pattern, when such a character is invented, they tended to use the simplest character as the phonetic part. That is the reason for why not 憼 or 𢢩 -- 京 is simpler and well-known.
For another question why 駭 as a synonym of 驚 was simplified just as 骇： though 駭 is a synonym of 驚, it is (and was) not often used by the under-educated people, so it wasn't invented by them and then simplified following another rule independently.
The history of the simplified 惊 is very interesting. My conclusion is:
惊 as the simplified form of 驚, was invented between the end of Qing Dynasty and the first decades of the Republic of China (i.e. around the beginning of the 20th century), and formally seen in 手頭字第一期字彙. Interestingly, it happened to be the same as a variant form of 悢.
The relationship among 驚, 悢, and 惊 can be illustrated in the figure below (full size):
Book 汉字字源: 当代新说文解字 by 窦文宇 and 窦勇 says
篆文和繁体“驚”字由“敬”和“马”构成。“敬”字有让人听话的含义，整个字的意思是马不听话了，由此产生马毛了的含义。引申表示惊动、害怕、出人意料等。汉字简化时按近代产生的俗字形式简化。简体“惊”字是形声字，“心”字表意、“京”字表音。
Seal character and modern traditional character 驚 is composed of 敬 and 马. "敬" has a meaning "let people be obedient", and the whole character means "a horse isn't obedient", then extends in meaning "a horse goes mad", and then "startle, scare, surprise, etc." The simplification follows the folk character form in modern times. The simplified 惊 is a phono-semantic compound character: 心 is the semantic part and 京 is the phonetic part.
And a better book -- which points out a good reference 手头字第一期字汇(手頭字第一期字彙) -- 简化字溯源 by 张书岩, 王铁昆, 李青梅 and 安宁 says
【惊】“驚”的简化字。“惊”是近代群众创造的新形声字，最早见于1935年《手头字第一期字汇》。
【惊】The simplified character of "驚". "惊" was created by the masses in modern times. It was first seen in
手头字第一期字汇(1935).Annotation: 手头字 is an old name for simplified characters, and 字汇 is a collection of characters.
The main points this book states, are
1) 惊 as the simplified form of 驚 was created following the construction method of phono-semantic compound characters;
2) 惊 as the simplified form of 驚 was first formally seen in 手頭字第一期字彙(1935).
This is the mainstream view (As already pointed out in @Phil's answer). But, are they reliable?
For Point 1), as I have analyzed in the "Brief Answer" above, 惊 can be constructed in that way, but it doesn't have to -- the character 惊 had appeared for a long time as a variant character of 悢. So there's possibility that 惊 was borrowed to be the simplified form of 驚 (such a case isn't rare, like 葉->叶). However, because 惊 wasn't simplified by just an individual, it's difficult to find out the original motivation. Anyway, I personally accept Point 1), so I said in the Brief Answer they happened to be the same.
For Point 2), it is possible for researchers to prove that, though still difficult, because proving "惊 had not been (once popularly) used as another form of 驚 before" needs much verification work. Personally, I also accept it, and I will demonstrate it in this logic:
惊 was formally stated as a variant character of 悢 in authoritative dictionaries, and in the past, educated people were not so many, thus very probably they did follow the dictionaries well. That is to say, if the newer dictionaries inherited the fact "惊 is a variant character of 悢" well, 惊 was not so possible to be used as 驚 in that times. => So I just have checked some dictionaries from 說文解字(A.D. 100-121) to 康熙字典(A.D. 1716).
We will see, after 集韻, "惊 as a Variant Character of 悢" was well kept in dictionaries. In these one thousand years, people would not use 惊 as the simplified character of 驚.
說文解字: there was no entry for 惊.
集韻 (钦定四库全书本集韵)
【惊】悲也。
惊
liáng, sad/sorrow.
【悢/惊/𢝋】博雅：悢悢，悲也。也或作惊、𢝋。
悢/惊/𢝋
liàng, 博雅:"悢悢", which means sad/sorrow. It can be also written as 惊 or 𢝋.
類篇 (钦定四库全书本类篇卷三十-心部)
【惊】呂張切，悲也。又力讓切。文一，重音一。
惊, with consonant part of 呂 and vowel part of 張 (i.e.
liáng), sad/sorrow. Also with consonant part of 力 and vowel part of 讓 (i.e.liàng). It has one character form and two pronunciations. Note that, 重(chóng)音 means polyphonic but not accent.
四聲篇海 (成化丁亥重刊改併五音類聚四聲篇海六-第十卷心母二十四-心部第四)
【惊】呂張切，悲也。
惊, with consonant part of 呂 and vowel part of 張 (i.e.
liáng), sad/sorrow.
重訂直音篇 (卷二)
悢，音亮，悲也。又音朗。惊、𢝋同上。
悢, sounds 亮, and means sad/sorrow. Also sounds 朗. 惊 and 𢝋 are the same. Note: this dictionary cited 陰祐's 餘文 for this character.
字彙 (五-卯集心部)
【惊】呂張切，音良，悲也。又去聲，力仗切，義同。亦作悢。
惊, with consonant part of 呂 and vowel part of 張, sounds 良, means sad/sorrow. Also in falling tone, with consonant part of 力 and vowel part of 仗, the same meaning. Also written as 悢.
正字通 (四-卯集心部)
【惊】同悢。
惊, the same as 悢.
康熙字典
【惊】《集韻》呂張切，音良，悲也。又《集韻》力讓切，音諒，義同。或作悢、𢝋。
惊. In 集韵, with consonant part of 呂 and vowel part of 張, sounds 良, and means sad/sorrow. Also in 集韵, with consonant part of 力 and vowel part of 讓, sounds 諒, the same meaning. Also written as 悢 or 𢝋.
I have checked some other resources for folk characters, like 敦煌俗字典(2005) by 黄征, but I couldn't find any clue showing 惊 was used as the simplified character of 驚 before 1900s.
Maybe you can find some text on ctext.org shows
《黃帝內經·經脈》: 是動則病洒洒振寒，善呻，數欠，顏黑，病至則惡人與火，聞木聲則惕然而 惊 ，心欲動，獨閉戶塞牖而處。
《通典·水利田》: 泉流灌 惊 ，所以育五穀也。
《桃花扇·第六回阮學士懷怨進讒 楊知縣登樓報因》： 如此 惊 慌！」龍友說：「今日清議堂議事，阮圓海對著大眾，說你與左寧南侯有舊，常通私書，將為內應。
《白圭志·第二回絕張宏廬山從學 遇菊英月下訂盟》： 歌罷琴息，庭瑞 惊 喜欲狂，暗思：「此必才女所作也。
《廉吏傳·廉吏传》： ...其令长贪洁吏民良猾悉知其状郡内 惊 竦莫不震慑发兵击慈斩之贼既溃平...
However, after checking these classic works with their original scan versions, I just found those characters are 驚 but not 惊. Such mistakes may be made by the software conversion from simplified Chinese to traditional Chinese.
So, very probably the statement that "It was first seen in 手头字第一期字汇" in the book 简化字溯源 is true. Amazingly, it is very very difficult to find a clear copy of 手头字第一期字汇. Currently (before I post this answer :D), the best version one can directly find by Google would be this one:
Hmm, and after very tough search work, finally I found this piece of newspaper: 申報 Feb. 24, 1935. No. 22210. (Shun Pao). It is so valuable that I decide to upload the whole picture here (full size). Please ignore the advertisement on the newspaper.
The table in the middle is the full list of 手頭字第一期字彙. With an introductory article 手頭字之提倡:
手頭字之提倡
第一期手頭字共三百字
各界簽名發起者二百人中國文字、雖有種種優點、然筆劃過於繁多、而手寫體與印刷品又不一律、實爲民衆教育之一大阻力、近年全國有人主張减省漢字筆劃、以謀教學之便利、最近復由文化界人士、共同研究、已歷多時、頃始發表手頭字第一期字彙、各界人士簽名發起者二百人、各文化機關及刊物决定採用者已有十餘家、兹將推行手頭字緣起、及第一期字彙照錄如下、
推行手頭字緣起
我們往常有許多便當的字、手頭上大家都這麽寫、可是書本上並不這麽印、識一個字須得認兩種以上的形體、何等不便、現在我們主張把「手頭字」用到印刷上去、省掉讀書人設憶幾種字體的麻煩、使得文字比較容易識、容易寫、更能够普及到大衆、這種主張從 也有人提出過、可是他們没有實在做、所以没有甚麽影響、現在我們决定把「手頭字」鑄成銅模澆出鉛字來、拿來排印書本、先選出手頭常用的三百個字來作爲第一期推行的字彙、以後再逐漸加添、直到「手頭字」跟印刷體一樣爲止、希望開心文化的先生們、贊同我們的主張、並且儘量採用這個字彙、
發起人丁淑靜·萬迪鶴萬家寶·小默·王人路·豐子愷·方光燾·巴金·王紀 ·王獨清·王特夫·王國秀·王集從·王屏南·方景略·葉聖陶·朱自清·葉放·左胥之·白薇·葉龢士·朱少卿·朱文叔·任白戈·劉延陵·劉廷芳·劉良模·老舍·余之介·沈子丞·李公朴·吳文祺·沈西苓·沈體蘭·沈志遠·徐澤霖·李長之·米星 ·艾思奇·沈兹九·沈起予·李南薌·李冠芳·陸高誼·吳朗西·吳組緗·吳研因·吳清友·蘇雪林·艾寒村·仿聯德·李貽燕·余楠秋·吳敬恒·吳廉銘·沈端先·李輝英·杜鋼百·艾蕪·辛樹幟·汪靜之·吳翰雲·劉薰宇·伯韓·汪馥泉·吳耀宗·邵力子·孟十還·周木齋·周予同·林漢達·林本僑·東平·金兆梓·金仲華·歐陽山·周伯棣·周伯勳·邵宗漢·羅叔和·阿英·邰爽秋·周越然·征農·金燄·胡仲持·胡風·洪深·姚紹華·姜琦·柳湜·范揚·胡愈之·郁達夫·夏丐尊·倪文宙·祝百英·奚如·祝佛朗·馬宗融·草明·唐弢·馬星野·孫俍工·孫師毅·高夢旦·馬國亮·馬國英·席滌塵·高鐵郎·徐蔚南·徐懋庸·郭一岑·章乃器·曹小端·陳子展·張天翼·曹禮吾·陶行知·張仲實·陸衣言·張肖梅·張良輔·陳君冶·陳克承·陳君涵·許幸之·郭沫若·曹亮·陳致道·郭挹清·陳望道·張夢麟· 彬龢·畢雲程·許傑·許達年·許欽文·曹聚仁·陳維姜·陳端志·陸德音·陳樟生·章錫琛·陸錫值·庶謙·張耀翔·黄石·顧君義·傅東華·馮和法·黄素封·舒新城·黄源·程演生·顧樹森·黑嬰·靳以·臧克家·楊青田·楊東蓴·路敏行·葛喬·葛綏成·楊潮·楊騷·楊霽雲·趙義凭·熊昌翼·趙家璧·蒯斯嚑·趙景深·管萃眞·蔡元培·潘公弼·潘式·樊仲雲·鄭君里·鄭伯奇·蔡希陶·魯彦·鄭振鐸·黎烈文·蔣徑三·鄧裕志·樂嗣炳·蔣弼·蔡慕暉·黎錦明·蔣鏡芙·盧冀野·穆藕初·謝六逸·鍾天心·謝扶雅·鍾韶琴·聶紺弩·魏猛克·潭友六·
Now we can find 驚->惊 is actually on the list. Interestingly, on Aug. 21, 1935, 第一批簡體字表 published by the Republic of China Government didn't include this simplified character:
This answer is entirely based on research, and my Chinese knowledge is still very limited, reducing my ability to fact check. Any concerns with the accuracy or additional detail will be greatly appreciated.
This simplification is listed on wikipedia as a phono-semantic compound character, that is a character with both a meaning and pronunciation related component.
The Chinese 352 course materials on character simplification from San Diego State University state that "the character for ‘scare’ used to have a horse radical驚. Now it is replaced with the heart radical, which is more transparent semantically". Rather than simplify the character as is, it appears that a decision was made to restructure the character to contain both a pronunciation component (京) as well as a more modern meaning (心). Today people associate alarm and fright more with a feeling of the heart than sensitivities and dangers of living with horses.
惊 is a borrowed character, it had appeared in 集韵 in Song Dynasty: "《集韻》呂張切，音良。悲也。又《集韻》力讓切，音諒。義同。或作悢𢝋。" Briefly speaking, in the past 惊 was another character, pronounced liáng or liàng, and meant "sad, sorrowful". As it's rarely used, when the simplification of Chinese characters was carried out in PRC (in 1930s, 惊 hadn't been included in the list of simplified characters), it was borrowed to replace 驚.
駭->骇 and 驚->惊 can be simplified independently. I found an entry in the book 《简化字溯源》 by 张书岩, 王铁昆, 李青梅 and 安宁: 【惊】“驚”的简化字。“惊”是近代群众创造的新形声字，最早见于1935年《手头字第一期字汇》。 So it's very possible the "chance coincidence" opinion above in my comment is true. Yet, maybe, we would never know whether 惊 was re-invented or just borrowed to be the simplified form of 驚.