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I'd like to think my Mandarin pronunciation is generally pretty reasonable, but I often get tripped up with X and SH - for example words like 雪 and 水, or 虾 and 莎. Even with different tones, I find these kind of tricky to get right - although obviously context makes the meaning more obvious.

Does anyone have a good tip on how to clearly show the difference in the X sound vs the SH sound? What shape should I have my mouth, and where should I put my tongue for each of these sounds? 

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    I guess you mean x vs sh?
    – Cocowalla
    Commented Dec 20, 2011 at 16:46
  • Yeah, it certainly seems that way - I'll edit the question now. Thanks!
    – Ciaocibai
    Commented Dec 20, 2011 at 20:09
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    you can contact me if you need to here a native speaker read those characters :)
    – Ya Zhuang
    Commented Dec 21, 2011 at 5:18
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    Keep in mind that these are never directly contrasted, as they come before different vowels. If you can successfully distinguish the vowels in similar syllables (e.g., sha vs xia; shui vs xue), then the distinctions in the consonants (which can be small in some native speakers' accents) will come naturally.
    – Stumpy Joe Pete
    Commented Jun 30, 2017 at 18:24

10 Answers 10

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Just to confirm the problem is with 'sh' and 'x' not 's' and 'x' because there is also a big difference between 's' words and 'sh' words e.g. "四" and "十".

For 'sh' the sound is made in the middle of the mouth and for the 'x' sound, it is made at the front of the mouth'. A good may to get the 'x' at the front is to make your mouth like you are going to whistle through your teeth (def. not through your lips). This is quite similar when someone is shooshing another person to be quiet, think gently saying 'shhhhhh'.

The 'sh' sound is deeper, and hits the middle of the roof of your mouth.

The best way to practice these is to split them up in to separate sounds and say each part slowly:

So for 雪 this would be sh-oo-air http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/File:zh-xu%C4%9B.ogg

For 水 this would be sh-oo-ay http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/File:zh-shu%C7%90.ogg

For 虾 it will be sh-i-ah http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/File:Zh-xia.ogg

For 莎 it will be sh-ah http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/File:Zh-sha.ogg

(Just to repeat, the "sh" sound in the examples above should be the appropriate one either 'x' or 'sh' sound depending on the case).

Just found this video, the difference is quite clear: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OgjS7GMkgLM&feature=results_video&playnext=1&list=PL5F201419D79D5AF3

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  • So, for an English speaker, Pinyin "x" is essentially identical to the English sound usually spelled "sh", as in "ship". Which makes the choice of "sh" for the other sound in Pinyin a little confusing. But the Mandarin sound represented by the Pinyin spelling "sh" is not found in standard English pronunciation; you make it with your tongue touching the roof of your mouth, somewhat like a cat hissing.
    – Mark Reed
    Commented Jul 22, 2019 at 19:52
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'x' is an alveolo-palatal fricative, while 'sh' is a retroflex fricative.

For retroflex 'sh', the tip of the tongue is curled up toward the roof of the mouth while the tongue body is low. Mandarin 'sh' could be similar to Russian 'ш'. Start with this wikipedia image of a retroflex stop, but make a slight space for air to pass above the tongue:

wikipedia diagram of retroflex stop

For alveolo-palatal 'x', the blade of the tongue approximates the palate while the tongue tip is low. Mandarin 'x' could be similar to Portuguese or Catalan 'x'. It can help to press the tongue tip against the lower teeth when learning to pronounce 'x'---this doesn't change the sound, it just keeps your tongue tip out of the way:

wikipedia diagram of alveolo-palatal fricative

More details: Chinese phonology on wikipedia

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For mandarin, I would like to say that "X" sounds like(just like, not the same) "sh" in English as in words "sheep, shot, shoe,fish,etc." and "S" sounds much like(likely the same? sorry, I am not a linguist) "S" in English as in words "silence,list,sort,etc."

I think the best answer is to listen to a native speaker and find out how he/she sounds.

Tips: For "X", the tongue is curved a bit and the tongue tip touches your teeth(the top of your bottom teeth). The shape of your mouth is somehow like the shape when you pronounce "i" in Chinese or"ee" in English(as in bee, meet, flee).

Note: In Chinese, "sh" is far different with "S".PinYin for your examples are 水shuĭ and 莎 shā.

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    Although the difference is clear to me, I've actually had problems with some native speakers in China, who seem to use both pronunciations indifferently. This was particularly confusing when asking the price of a particular item in a shop, because the person I was talking to used "shì" instead of "sì", even though she meant "140 RMB" and not "110 RMB" (which is what I understood).
    – Anthony Labarre
    Commented Dec 20, 2011 at 9:55
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    that happens because they don't speak mandarin in a standard way.As far as I know,S and SH are not distinguished in many dialects in southern areas. When I speak in my dialect, I don't care them. If a man is used to speaking in his dialect, he would probably pronounce them as the same when he speaks in mandarin.
    – Huang
    Commented Dec 20, 2011 at 10:21
  • 140 is 一百四十 and 110 一百一十 (one doesn't say 一百十 for 110)... I don't see any possibility to confuse them...
    – user58955
    Commented Jun 7, 2014 at 12:58
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    @user58955 you are right of course about 一百一十, but I've heard 一百四 being used as short for 一百四十 by native speakers, and at the time I didn't know that 一百十 was incorrect. Therefore, when the lady said something that sounded like 一百十, I naturally thought she must have meant 110 and not 140.
    – Anthony Labarre
    Commented Apr 4, 2019 at 16:27
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The "x" is the "sh" sound for "soft" vowel combinations like "i," "ie," and "ue." As such, it is pronounced with the tongue sticking to the roof of the mouth, while the "sh" (for other vowels), has a "retracted" posture.

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  • This is very important. The whole series j,q,x versus zh,ch,sh only makes sense when you include the relation to the following vowel.
    – Colin McLarty
    Commented May 8, 2014 at 22:43
  • This is such a clutch comment. So important to point out. I subconsciously suspected but hadn't really realized it til this comment.
    – temporary_user_name
    Commented Nov 2, 2014 at 4:23
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I was taught that for x, open your mouth slightly and keep your tongue straight. When you make the x sound, air should pass over the sides of your teeth. Then for the sh sound, open your mouth wider, pucker your mouth a bit like you're forming the beginning of the word "who" in English and curl your tongue up a bit. This time, the air should push out forward over your lips. But basically, the tongue position (curled or flat) distinguishes them. As for the sh vs. s distinction being lost, my understanding is that those are dialects that do not allow retroflex (i.e. your tongue curling up as in sh) consonants in onset position.

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Contrary to popular belief 'x' in chinese is pronounced as 's' in english not 'sh'. Coming from an ethnic Chinese speaker.

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  • Hello, this has bothered me for years. To me (and I know that my ears will deceive me when I hear foreign sounds), it sounds like an "s" from many people, but those same people claim it is in fact "sh", and that no one would ever say "s", no matter what dialect. Can you shed light on this?
    – 黄雨伞
    Commented Jul 31, 2019 at 10:26
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If it helps you get started, think of x as "sy". The s is a little bit hissy.

As for "sh" your mouth should feel almost the same as when you make an English "ch" sound, but obviously without your tongue involved, so you make the "sh" sound instead. If, in the process, you produce a hint of a whistle through your teeth, even better.

So 杀 "shā" sounds like "shahh" and feels almost like "chahh", while 虾 "xiā" sounds like "syahh".

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  • I feel like there is a "y" sound in it as well. But I think that is mostly due to the vowel sounds it is paired with. That's why we have xiao but not xao and xia but not xa, etc. Also xa would stil be pronounced differently from sha and sa, but should lack the y sound. Note that I'm a novice, so maybe I'm wrong here... just my observations from studying.
    – jdods
    Commented Jun 30, 2017 at 18:13
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x: keep your mouth in the position of [i] and send out a breath like you do with [s].

sh: keep your mouth in the position of /r/ (as in right) and send out that [s]-like breath.

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for x, put your tongue towards your bottom teeth.

for sh, put your tongue towards your top teeth

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For most of our English-speaking students, the rule of thumb to acquire Chinese sounds is listen, imitate and practice, but not to refer to sounds in English that much, which would be confusing and sometimes misleading. After all English sounds and Chinese sounds are quite different in many ways!

One exception of the rule is "x" sound in Chinese, it sounds, in my opinion, exactly the same to the alphabet "c" in English (Note: not the phonetic sound of "c" but the alphabet itself) As for "sh" sound, there is not an equivalent in English. Our suggestion is to find a native speaker or a standard Chinese dictionary and listen repeatedly. Research showed that after an average "seven" different kinds of input, the sound should be acquired by the learners.

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