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A tone may, upon certain instances, take on a pitch different from its classic pitch. That is to say, while a pitch is absolute (in sound frequency), a tone is not. 中餐 may change from the classic zhōng˥ ˥ cān˥ ˥ to zhōng˥ ˥ cān˧ ˧ when 中 is intended to be stressed by the speaker (not necessarily in a question). 葡萄牙 may change from the classic Pú˧ ˥ táo˧ ˥ yá˧...

You can say ‘嗨’, which is equivalent to ‘hi’ in English or ‘哈咯’ which translates to ‘hello’ or even ‘哟‘ like another user had mentioned in the comments.

拜拜 is not casualness and/or childishness,it is a more friendly way to express goodbye ,and majority use between people who have good relation,or see somebody for the first time and build a friendship each other. So does it in Taiwan I think:)

There are many ways to say it. The 6 pairs below arranged from polite with respect --> polite --> demanding w/patience --> demanding w/impatience. 1a - 我不太瞭解您的意思, 可以請您解釋解釋嗎? 1b - 我不太瞭解您所說的, 可以請您解釋一下嗎? 2a - 我不太瞭解您的意思, 可以麻煩您解釋解釋嗎? 2b - 我不太瞭解您所說的, 可以麻煩您解釋一下嗎? 3a - 我不瞭解你的意思, 勞駕解釋解釋好嗎? 3b - 我不瞭解你所說的, 勞駕解釋一下好嗎? 4a - 我不瞭解你的意思, 解釋解釋好吧? 4b - 我不瞭解你所說的, 解釋一下好吧?...

Aside from @L Parker's excellent answer, I can provide some empirical evidence. In my experience, the second tone is pronounced with a clear 35 tone when the word is: a single-character word, where a clear 2nd tone helps disambiguate (薄，毛，抗) followed by a 5th tone (鼻子 bi2zi0，猴子 hou2zi0，葡萄 pu2tao0) at the end of sentence Then you can have altered ...

“祝你好运” means “Good luck!” “谢谢”Just be appropriate.

拜拜 is not considered childish, but is more casual than other forms of good-bye. It can be use on children / friends / even seniors, but should not be use for Clients / business partner / etc.