4
开心 can be either joyful, delighted or the mood of happiness.
快乐 is the mood of happiness. The dictionary defines it as:
形容称心如意的心情
So, we say 我今天玩得很开心，not 我今天玩得很快乐.
But they can be synonyms as in 和他在一起很开心/快乐. In this case, both denote the sense of the mood of happiness.
3
周末 literally means "weekend," and in modern China, it usually refers to "Saturday and Sunday."
3
消除“会”导致消除将来友谊的可能性。
Yes, your understanding is correct. 会 in the context refers to the future tense. Removed 会, 他们之间不再有什么友谊 doesn't specify the tense and we'd have to rely on context to determine whether it happens in the past, present or future.
3
In your case, both 开心 and 快乐 are used as adjectives, which denote “happy”. Translated, the sentence means “I am happy when you are happy.”
However, only 快乐 can also be used as a noun.
“他从做善事当中获得快乐。”
This would mean “he obtains happiness from doing good deeds”. It would sound weird if you substituted 快乐 with 开心, which would then make it “he obtains happy ...
2
It is usually Saturday and Sunday.
It used to be only Sunday, the last day of week in China, which happened to be the only day in the week which is not a workday.
But as workdays changed from 6 days to 5 days in a week, 周末 now usually refers to the Saturday and Sunday.
ref: 汉典 give this definition for 周末:
原指星期六下班后到星期天晚,实行五天工作制后,指每周的最后两天
1
Do you happen to have a spaceship?
你不会正好有一艘飞船吧？
1
Normally you wouldn't translate happen in questions like the one you proposed.
But, if you really wanted to - the best equivalent I can think of for doing this would be by adding:
顺便问一下
at the beginning of a question.
So your question would end up being something like:
顺便问一下，你有没有眼镜护理螺丝刀呢？
1
I think they can be used interchangeably. When it used in songs or poems, rhythm is more important than which word to be used. Sometimes, to avoid using the same word in one sentence, people tend to use a different one too.
1
My spin:
与君知
What I wanna tell you
What I want you to know
What I need you to know
难得君心知我心
Hard to get your heart to know my heart (probably where the title comes from)
我愿抱着你
I wanna hold you
献尽我热吻
give you my hot kisses
I've got stop, I'm going all gooey!!
1
My translation would be something like "With your knowledge" with the understanding that "your" refers to somebody of a higher status, usually either due to them being royalty or them being immensely respected and of a good moral character (or both!).
To explain, 与 means "with" or "and," a meaning that has not changed much since ancient times. You see it a ...
1
Speculation about the future is just that: speculation, someone's opinion.
That 会 I would read as 将会:
他们之间不再将会有什么友谊。
They ain't gonna be friends anymore. (speculation about the future)
To locate the 会less sentence clearly in the past, we could add:
从那时候起，他们之间不再有什么友谊。
Since then there isn't any friendship between them. (ongoing lack of friendship)
1
It's 朱
In 篆文:
It is a common surname in Chinese, originally refers to inner red wood.
說文解字注: 朱本木名。引伸假借爲純赤之字。糸部曰。絑、純赤也。是其本字也。
For variations you can find here : http://www.guoxuedashi.com/zixing/yanbian/4472tv/
1
Here “比一比”是指一个动作。即把衣服贴在身上（对着镜子）看看，而不是试穿，动作比较随意。
“比一比”refers to an action, that is to take up a new dress and then cling it on one’s body but not trying on.It is more casual.
To have a look it is if suitble to the color, size, style etc.
另外，“一件件新衣向身上比一比”常用“往身上比一比”很少用“向”字。虽然“向”和“往”都可以指动作的方向。
Other, we prefer using “往” but “向”, although both are refering the ...
1
应该说已经推动了应试教育向素质教育的转变，但是这个转变非常艰难，是一个痛苦的漫长的过程，我们不能太着急。
我们不能太着急 connotes two aspects here:
it exhorts us that the process is long and hard and there is no way we can get the result quickly, so we shouldn't rush it.
As the process drags on, we should have the patience and not be anxious.
1
Focus on
是一个痛苦的漫长的过程 (It's a painful long process)
When you search for the usage of 着急 when it means no rush. there is usually a time duration/period mentioned along, for example:
慢慢来，不着急 (No rush. Take your time)
http://www.learnenglishwithwill.com/no-rush-meaning-usage-example-chinese-translation/
不着急，慢慢来("Take your time")
https://www.putclub....
1
Based on my time in China in both professional and casual settings, I would interpret the term 着急 here as meaning "rushed." "Hurried" might also work.
My translation of your sentence would be
It can be said that we've already begun to push the transition from exam-oriented education to quality-oriented education, but this transition is very difficult. ...
1
According to dictionary owned by Ministry of Education in Taiwan, 著急 means that feeling anxious and impatient because you want some result to happen earlier.
Consider the meaning and context in given quotation. The different style of education is pushed to change. But the change is difficult, and it is a painful and a long process. To interpret 我們不能太著急。 ...
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